Preface

This course is designed for systems engineers who want to understand how large language models (LLMs) work.

As a systems engineer, I am always curious about how things work internally and how to optimize them. I found it difficult to understand LLM inference because most open-source serving projects are highly optimized with CUDA kernels and other low-level techniques. It is hard to see the whole picture in a codebase with hundreds of thousands of lines. I therefore decided to implement an LLM serving project from scratch using only array and matrix operations. The goal was to understand what it takes to load an LLM’s parameters and perform the mathematical operations that generate text.

You can think of this course as an LLM counterpart to the Needle project from CMU’s Deep Learning Systems course.

Prerequisites

You should understand the basics of deep learning and be familiar with PyTorch. We recommend the following resources:

• CMU Introduction to Machine Learning — covers the fundamentals of machine learning.
• CMU Deep Learning Systems — teaches you how to build a framework like PyTorch from scratch.

Environment Setup

This course uses MLX, an array and machine learning framework for Apple silicon. For many learners, an Apple silicon device is easier to access than an NVIDIA GPU. In principle, you could also complete the course with PyTorch or NumPy, but the test infrastructure does not support them as implementation backends. Instead, the tests compare your implementation with trusted MLX operations and model implementations to verify correctness.

Course Structure

This course is divided into three weeks. We will serve Qwen3 MLX models and optimize the serving path throughout the course.

• Week 1: Serve Qwen3 using array and matrix operations written in Python.
• Week 2: Implement custom C++ and Metal kernels to accelerate the model.
• Week 3: Add further optimizations and batch requests for high-throughput serving.

How to Use This Book

The tiny-llm book is a hands-on guide rather than a textbook that explains every concept from first principles. We link to the resources that the authors found useful while implementing the project instead of repeating their explanations. Each chapter provides a sequence of tasks, supporting readings, and implementation hints.

The book also standardizes terminology and notation across those resources so that they map cleanly to the codebase. For example, we use consistent symbols for tensor dimensions and explain what H, L, and E mean at the point of use.

About the Authors

This course is created by Chi and Connor.

Chi is a systems software engineer at Neon (now acquired by Databricks), focusing on storage systems. Fascinated by large language models, he created this course to explore how LLM inference works.

Connor is a software engineer at PingCAP, developing the TiKV distributed key-value database. Curious about the internals of LLMs, he joined the project to practice building a high-performance LLM serving system from scratch and helped develop the course for the community.

Community

You can join skyzh’s Discord server to study with the tiny-llm community.

Get Started

Follow the instructions in Setting Up the Environment, then begin building tiny-llm.

Your feedback is greatly appreciated. Join our Discord community.
Found an issue? Open an issue or pull request at github.com/skyzh/tiny-llm.
tiny-llm-book © 2025 by Alex Chi Z is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.